C OAil y % Aoli-L Ca^ I ;'s^iW- l(s>\ New York State Education Department New York State Museum John M. C'.lakkk Dimioi l'',iMiK \ i\i I'liKiiu' l-'i I I St:)ir- }'',ntoniulo<;i.st Memoir 8 INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES KI'IIKAIM POKTKR I-l-;i.r D.Sc. VOLf.MK 2 PAGE ' [A^.B Enemies of evergreen or coniferous Insects of minor ini])i)ri;tnii- a!U( un^ trees ..... ^^^ forest trees {continued) Work of hark borers in pine - 333 I'ungoiis l)eetle .... ^,^^ Certain structures of scolytids - 336 Natural enemies of bark borers . 499 Borers .... ^^s, 341 Leaf eaters affecting deciduous Twig borers .... ^^(^^ ^qj forest trees ..... 506 Ambrosia beetles - - - - 394 Frequenters, usually injurious, of Leaf feeders .... 540, 413 deciduous forest trees . - 588 Insects of minor importance affecting I'reciuenlers, usually benelicial, of forest trees - ... - 426 deciduous forest trees . . - 603 Insects affecting deciduous trees - 426 Plant galls and gall makers . . 615 Borers in living or relatively sound Less destructive insects affecting wood or bark .... 426 evergreen or coniferous trees - - 648 Borers in rlried, usually nianu- , Sup|)lemental Ifibliographic and de- factured wood - - 430, 4S3 scriptive catalogue - - - 701 Borers in decaying wood or species Kx])lanation of ])lates - - - 757 found under decaying bark 430, 4R4 1 Index 801 ALBANY NEW YORK STATE EDfCATlON DEPARTMENT 1906 STATE OF NEW YORK EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Regents of the University W'itli years wlien Iltims expire iqn W I hit: I. AW Ri;ii> M.A. LL.I). CJianccilor - - - New York igi- StCiaik M.Kki.wav M.A. L.H.I). LL.D. • D.C.L. ]'icc ChanccHor Brooklyn iQoS Daniki. Bka. 11 Ph.D. LL.C Watkins 1914 Plinv T. .Skxtox LL.I). LL.I). . . . . Palmjra iqi2 T. ("iriLidKii -SMrni M.A. C.k^ LL.I). - - - - Buffalo iqo7 William Nui- itnciia.m M.A. I'h.I). LL.I). - - S)racuse iqio Charles A. (iARi.ixLR Ph.D. L.H.D. LL.D. D.C.L. - New York 1915 ALiiLRL \amikr Veer M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - Albany 191 I EmvARi) Lauteruai H jNI.A. LL.D. . . . . New York 1909 Eugene X. Philbin LL.B. LL.D. . - . . New York 1916 LuciAN L. SiiEDDEN LL.B. - - - - - - Plattsburg Commissioner of Education Andrew .S. Draper LL.B. LL.D. Assistant Commissioners Howard J. R()(;ers M.A. LL.I3. l-^n-xt Assistant Edward [. Cjoodwin Lit. D. L.H.D. Scavid Assistant AuGU.sTLis S. DdWXiNC M.A. Pd.D. LL.I). Tiiird Assistant Secretary to the Commissioner Hari.ax H. Horner B.A. D.'-ector of State Library Edwin H. Anderson M.A. Director of Science and State Museum John M. Clarke Ph.D. LL.D Chiefs of Divisions Accounts, AV^iLLiAM Masun Attendance, [ames I). .Sullivan Educational li.xtension Examinations, Charles V . \\'hi;i:lock B.S. LL.D,, Inspections, I^kank H. Wood M.A. Law, Thomas E. Pinegan M.A. .School Libraries, Charles E. Filch L.H.D. .Statistics, Hiram C. Case \'isual Instruction, DeLaX(t:v M. Eli is EXEMii-:s OF i:\i:r(;ki:1':x or coxiferouS trees \M»Ki\ (>i iiAi:i\ itoici i;> IN riM It is ilithcult tor th(' avcraot- rc-adcr lo i^ain a just conception of llic injurious ciiaracti-r ot tlu'Sf insects hy a perusal of a nuinher of detached notices ot the work ot associated species. It is therefore ])roposed to _S4"i\e at the outset a Ijrief resume of the conditions we ha\e found in tiie Ikulson valley. The white pines in this section have suffered seriously durint,'' the last three or four \ears and a consiilerahle |)roportion of the damage is diu; t(j tin- work (_)f hark borers and their associates. The extremely injurious character of their operations is well illustrated on ]jlates 52, 53 and the rapid ]irogress these pests ma\' make; is shown in tiL(iu'es 1 and 2 of plate •:,;'^. iMgure i was taken .Sep. 2S, 1901 and figure 2 of the same trees was taken ,\pril igo2. It will he seen lh;U these; i)ines have been practically killed within a year and if a close examination is made we will find conditions substantially as follows: At the ver)' i)ase of tlu; trees there are a number of irregular, rather large masses of pitch and on remo\ing these it will be found that they cover the entrance to a gallery about '^. inch in diameter. The condition within is well re])resented on plate 58, figure 4, which shows the preserva- tion of the walls by the inliltration of ])itch and is thus incontrovertible evidence of living tissues having been attacked. This borer, known as Dendroctonus terebrans Oliv., is a very common species in XCw \'ork .State where it may be met with in small numbers in almost an)' pine irrove. It can hardiv be regarded as a dangerous form though it works in living tissues. I'"arther uj) the same trees a much more serious injury is evidenced by the numerous pilch tuljes on the bark [pi. 54, fig. 2 |. Plate 54, figure 4, represents one in profile. The remo\al of a piece of bark will show the condition of aftairs under the pilch tube. Plate; 54, figure 3, illustrates the large central chamber underneath with five longitudinal galleries leading therefrom. Small notches may be ol)served on the sides cf these galleries, particularly near the extremiti'-s, ai.d these lead into 333 334 ^^-^'^' VORK STATE MUSEUM di\(.;i-i;ing- somewhat sinuous larval L;allerit.-s which ruii a]:)proxiinat(_'ly trans- versely of the wood fillers. This is the work of a large borer known as T o m i c u s c a 1 1 i g r a p h u s Cierm., an insect that occurs in the thicker bark of trunks and larger limljs of both hard and soft pines. It normally does not cause very much injury bu.; under exceptional con- ditions it ma_\- become so alnindant as to kill a tree very rapidly, so much so that the writer has known )oung pines, in apparently excellent condition, killed in lo weeks' time. These borers sometimes become so abundant as to eat away |)ractically all of the inner bark, a condition represented at plate 56, figure 3. Farther up t)n the tree in the thinner bark of the trunk and the medium thick bark of the larger limbs, a smaller species may be found at work in some pines and its method of operation is well shown in plate 60, figure 3, which represents the longitudinal burrows and the lar\al galleries of this smaller species, Tomicus cacographus Lee. This is a very badly infested piece of bark and plate 60, figure 2, illustrates the work of this insect on limbs of hard pine which it had entered in the fall of 1900. It will be observetl that these galleries are very irregular and anastomose with out a[)parent reason. These are evidently galleries which the beetles have made for feeding purposes and in which the\' pass the winter. Higher up on a white pine in the still thinner liark of the smooth trunk, a smaber form, th(; pine bark beetle, T o m i c u s p i n i Say, may be observed at work. This s|jt'cies operates not onl\- in the trunk fnit also in the medium thick bark of the smaller limljs and not infrecpienth' attacks liv- ing tissues. Plate 59, figure i, which is from a photograph taken with a light background, represents the numerous exit holes which this species may make in a badly infested section of a trunk and also a number of small jjitch tubes and plate 59, figure 2, shows the inside of the same piece of bark photographeil in a similar manner. The method of operation of this species is well illustrated, the central chambers, the primary galleries and the (iiiatmg mines ot the young together with larger fiat tortuous mines of another species known as the pine sawyer, ]M o n o h a m m u s con- IXSECTS AFFECTIXr, I'ARf. WD WOODI-ANT) TRFES -5^,5 fusor Kirln. The parent of this latter insect is rcprcsentttd at plate 63, figure 1, and its operations are familiar to many lumhermeii because' its coarse while sawdusllike chips may be fre(iuentl\- observed drop|)in_<4- from logs piled in mill yards and its large galleries are not uncommon defects in timber. The sau\er is rarely f(nuid attacking li\ing trees. It prefers to breed in those which are ilying or nearl\- dead and therefore is a follower of the above noted barkborers. Other s|)ecies have; a similar habit, notably tlie rii)bed rhaginm, R h a g i 11 m 1 i n e a t u m ( )li\-., a species which is fre- quently destructive to the bark of trees previous])- killed b\- other insects. Its JM-oad tlattened grub cU-lights to revel in moist decaying tissues and its ver)- charactt'ristic cells | pi. 64, fig. 7, S, io| are walled liy long white splinters torn from the wood forming a portion of its oval pupal cell. Another s|)ecies, I'yiho americanus Kirb\-, is also associated with the preceding in this work of reducing decaying tissues to a still finer condition. It ma\- be easily recognized l)y its oval cells which insteatl of being liordered by linear chij^s torn from the surface of tlu! wood are lined with nearly deca\ed debris from the bark \ sir pi. 64, fig. 6, 9]. These two species in conjunctioji with the i)ark borers soon reduce the inner tissues of an attacked tree to a mass of d(;cayed vegetable matter and render the stripping of the itark an easy matter. Plate 56, figure 2, illus- trates the secrec\- of these operations very nicel\-. Apparently the trunk of the tree has suffered little or no injur\-, but on removing the bark its inner layers are found to be a mass of corruption, as shown at plate 56, figure t,. The bark loosens and soon drops in large patches, e.xposing the wood to other enemies such as ambrosia beetles. The condition of such a tree which scarcely two years before it w^as photographed was in full vigor, is well shown at plate 54, figure i. The small Ijlack holes in the bare wood are entrances to galleries of wood l)orers known as ambrosia beetles and these lead into lateral galleries from which in turn there are series of perpendicular chambers. This latter insect, X\ lo terns bivittatus Kirbv, is common in soft woods and is 336 XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM injurious on account of its malting' small black walled r^ralleries which matcriall}' lowt-r thr market value- of infested lumber. CERTAIN .STltUCTURKS OF srOLYTIDS Scolytid beetles are so small and present such slight differences in gen- eral form, that a study of minor structural details is absolutely necessary for tile adequate separation of species, unless we rely largely on food habits, something which is not always practical. Color has very little value and as a consequence we have felt obliged to give some attention to structural details, in spite of the fact that a distinguished authority on this group is engageci in a comprehensive study of these beetles. The classificatory value of the antennae has long been recognized. They vary widely in character, as has been pointed out by earlier writers, though to our knowledge no one has figured these organs in many of our native species. The exceeding variability in structure is well illustrated by reference to [jlate 67, figure i, showing the single jointed funicle of Monarthrum mali Fitch, \niique in this extremely interesting group. The strongly flattened and enormously dilated club or terminal segment of C h r a m e s u s h i c o r i a e Lee. is extremely characteristic. The two antennae of Scohtus, S. rugulosus Ratz. and S. qu ad r i s p i n o s u s Say [pi. 67, fig. 10 and 15J are peculiar on account of the dark colored, triangular, chitinous structure in the club. The lamellate antennae of Phloeotribus liminaris Harr. and P. frontalis Oliv. [pi. 66, fig. I and 3 respective!)! are very different from those of other scolytids. The disposition of the sensory areas on the expanded club of the various species of Toniicus, is of considerable specific value [pi. 66, fig. 4-9 inclu- sive], while the general structure of the antennae of Dendroctonus [pi. 66, fig. 10 1 appears to be very characteristic of this genus. The tibiae of various species also present characters whicli are of con- siderable value in the separation of different forms, though we should expect to find more or less variation in the number and development ot the minor chitinous tul)ercles or processes. The closely allied species of Dryocoetes, D. eichhoffii Hopk. and D. autographus Ratz. vary sufhciently, so that they can be recognized by this character alone. Chramesus hicoriae Lee. has a very peculiar middle tibia, and the two species of Scolytus are remarkable for the development of a large terminal process opposite the attachment of the first tarsal segment [fig. 47]. Various specie;; of Tomicus may be recognized by tibial characteristics, and Xyloclepteo possesses a very peculiar femur ami tarsus. P h 1 o e o s i n u s d e n t a t u s INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 2>37 Say may be instantly recognized by the distal niaaMn of the liiml tibia beinif thickly set with stout, chitinous processes. rhe structure of the so called t^izzard or |)ro\eiUriculus is eNceedin_L(ly interesting;- in this ,L;rou[), most of the species differing!: markedl)- in this respect from their allies. The employment of this ori^-an in systematic work is not new. It has been used by myrmecoloijists and Dr J. P>. Smith, in a report issued a few years ai^o, calls attention to the fact that various species of kat\ilids present recoonizable differences in this organ. The structure of the Scohtid proventriculus is eNceedin,s:,dy interesting. It consists of a series of eight double, rectangular plates, the posterior extremities of which are provided with a series of long, chitinous, hairlike processes, undoubtedly serving as strainers to prevent the entry into the true or chyle stomach, of untriturated material. An cud view of this organ is given on plate 68, figure I, and plate 69, figures 2, 5, each of which shows the octagonal struc- ture and the first namedi the strainerlike hairs probably in the normal posi- tion. There are several well marked types of proventriculi. 'fhat i)f Tomicus, shown on plate 68, illustrates a highly developed form in which the anterior portion consists of a series of plain, chitinous basal plates inter- locked more or less perfectly by a series of marginal teeth, while the |)()sle- rior part is narrower, strongly ribbed with chitinous bars and in addition, provided Avith a series of long, slender, chitinous processes, which undoubt- edly serve as strainers as stated above. This type is also found in I'ityo- genes and Dryocoetes. Dendroctonus | pi. 68, fig. 7] has a simpler form of proventriculus, consisting of a series of eight double plates, hi the walls of which are numerous chitinous points placeil in more or less irregular rows. The posterior portion is provided with a series of stout, chitinous rods which terminate at the free margin in tufted processes and long, slender, chitinous rods, which latter evidently serve as strainers. .\ modification is seen in the proventriculus of P hi o e o s i n u s d e n t a t u s Say | \)\. 69, fig. 4]. Another type, intermediate i)erhaps between that of Tomicus and Dendroc- tonus or IMiloeosinus, is found in Xyleborus, Xyloterus and some other genera. It consists of the usual double jjlates, each provided along its lengtn with a series of stout, chitinous bars terminating in a stout, dense structure composed apparenth- of fused entls and at the posterior extremity there are a number of long, slender, chitinous processes which unite to form a strainer. The differences in this organ between closely allied forms, are very nicel>- shown on plate 68, figures 2, 3, 6 and 8, and plate 69. fj.g^nre 10, which illustrate portions of the proventriculus of certain species of Tomicus. It will be seen that no two are alike, though all present a general resem- blance one to another. The illustrations of the proventriculus of Dryo- coetes a u t o g r a p h u s Ratz., and I), e i c h h o f f i i 1 1 opk. [ [A. 69, tig. 9 and I rj also bring out this i)oint nicely, there being a marked difference in the toothing of the anterior ])ortion of the plates. 338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM KXEMIKS OF KVERGREEN OR CONIFEROUS TREES Borers in trunk and wood Large, brownish pitch masses on pine trunks Pitch mass borer, V a r h a r m o n i a p i n i , p. 341 True bark borers Masses of pitch at the base of large pines, iisuallv indicate the presence of a stout, brownish beetle about -' ,,; to '4 inch in length whic h, with its grub, bores the inner bark Turpentine bark beetle, I ) e n d r o c t o n u s t e r e b r a n s, p. 342 A rather stout, brownisli or black, cylindric beetle, aliout '4 inc h in length, makes more or less longitu. 360 A uniformly black beetle mottled with white and with a white scutelhim, about fs inch in length . . White spotted sawyer, M o n o h a m m u s s c u t e 1 1 a t u s, p. 364 A brownish, mottled, cylindric beetle about yi inch in length and with very long, slender antennae Tickler, iM o n o h a m m u s t i t i 1 1 a t o r, ]i. 365 A large beetle about yi inch long, with light grayish wing covers mottled with brown and dark sjjots Marbled sawyer, N[ o n o h a m m u s mar m o r a t u s. p. 366 Smaller white grubs working in decaying bark, never entering the wood. A white, broad headed, llattened grub oc< urs in considerable nundiers on the bark of dead pines, transforming to a gray, black marked beetle with conspicuous ridges on its wing covers Ribbed pine borer, R h a g i u m li n e a t u m, p. 366 A smaller, less flattened grub jiroducing a small beetle with a black head and thin, dark bluish wing covers P y t h o a m e r i c a n u s, ji, 368 Flattened, white or yellowish spotted beetles about -;8 inch in length, occur on spruce and hemlock in July, and are the parents of a destructive flat headed borer Sjjotted buprestid, Nf e 1 a n o p h i I a f u 1 v o g u 1 1 a t a, p. 390 Smaller wood borers A rather stout, brownish black beetle about '3 inch long, attacks exposed wood of various coniferous treees Spruce timber beetle, X y 1 o t e r u s b i v i t l a t u s, p. 369 A brownish black, rather slender beetle about '3 inch long, enters the sa|)wood of dying and dead white ])ine, making cylindric galleries, with black stained walls. Eastern pine wood stainer, ('. n a t h o t r i c h u s m a t e r i a r i u s, ji. 37 i Small bark and wood borers working in the inner bark and outer sapwood and forming rather irregular galleries in dead limbs Pi t y o ph t h o r u s and P i t y o g e n e s (several species of eacii), p. 372-375 Twig borers An oblong, oval weevil about j{ inch long, freipiently deposits eggs in the leading shoots of pine or other evergreen trees. The grul)s work in the shoots and kill them, causing an irregular, deformed tree of little commercial value White i>ine weevil, Pissodes strobi, p. 397 340 \E\V YORK STATE MUSEUM Two larger forms occasionally taken with the above, are miu h rarer P i s s o d e s d u b i u s and 1'. a f f i n i s, p. 401, 402 Two small, jet i)lack weevils not over * ,,, inch in length, are occasionally abundant in association with the white ])ine weevil M a g d a li s jj e r f o r a t a and M. a 1 11 1 a c e a, p. 402 Short brown needles on the tojis of hard pine, specially if there be a small pitch mass near the base of the tree, is an indication of the work, of this insect Pine tip moth, P i n i p e s t i s z i m m e r m a n i, p. 403 Small yellowish lar\-ae infest tiie new growth of several pines, spinning a delicate web around the bud antl mining both the twig and bases of the leaves Nantucket pine moth, E v e t r i a f r u s t r a n a, p. 405 A.n associated similar species is much rarer Pitch pine Retinia, E v e t r i a r i g i d a n a, p. 407 Masses of ijitch usually on the u]3[ier side of the smaller limbs and twigs of hard pine, cover the entrance of a burrow made Ijy a small, yellowish Avhite caterpillar about '-2 inch in length Pitcli twig moth, E v e t r i a c o m s t o c k i a n a, p. 407 Footless orange grubs occur in colored or whitish pitch masses on the underside of pitch pine branches. Pitch midge. C e c i d o m y i a r e s i n i c o 1 a, p. 410 Insects affecting the leaves iMrtv, vellowish, red headed, blai:k sputteii false caterpillars feed i)i clusters on the outer branches of pines from which they strip the lea\es LeConte s sawfiy, L o p h y r u s 1 e c o n t e i , p. 4:3 Vellowish, black headed, black spotted, false cater|)illars nearly an inch in length, defoliate whiuC and hard pines from midsummer tdl late fall Ablxjtt's ]nne sawfiy. Pop h y r u s a b b o t i i. ]). 414 (dusters of black headed, dark green, dark striped false caterpillars about '2 inch long defoliate fir, sjjruce and jiitch ])ine Fir sawflv, 1, o p h v r u s a b i e t i s, p. 415 Spruces dying in masses or clumps of greater or less extent are \erv likelv affected ljy this species Spruce bud worm, T o r t r i \ f u m i f e r a n a, [>. 416 .■\ greenisn yellow sawlly cateriiillar frequently defoliates larches in midsummer Larch sawtlw T, v g a e o n e ni a t u s e r i c h s o n i i , ]). 418 Shortened, deformed needles of ])itch pine having a basal enlargement occujjied by a thick, orange colored larva Pine needle gall fly, C e c i d o m )• i a ji i n i - r i g i d a e, p. 423 INSECTS AFFECTING I'ARK AND WOODLAND TREES 34 1 Pitch-mass borer Par/iai'!iifliii(i piiii Ivcllicott Large brownish pitch masses on [jine trunks nuiy he caused by tliis borer. This species is one of the more common pine borers and evidences of its work are h\ no means rare in the vicinity of Albany. Its recorded dis- tribution is j^nvcn as Canada, Xew \'ork, New Jersey and New liampshire. 'I lie life history of this species has been worked out very fulh' in' the latr I )r kcUicott, its describer, and the following is taken lars^rely from his account. Description. Male. Head, paljii, antennae, thora.x, and legs wholly metallic blue or green black. Collar edged with orange in front. Abdo- men blue black above, with the posterior half of the fourth segment orange ; underside wholl\- orange. Anal tuft orange, blue black abo\e in the mid- dle. Fore wings opa<[ue, metallic blue or green black with discal mark somewhat deeper in color. Hind wings thinly co\'ered with blue black scales; outer border very narrow, blue black. Female. .Same as the male. Expanse: male and female, 28-30 mm ( Tieutinmuller). Life history. The larvae occur more frequently than elsewhere just below a branch, sometimes about the border of a wound made bv the a.xe, or where a limb has been wrenched off by the wind, rarcK in the axils of the branches. It appears to attack larger trees than Zimmerman's pine pest and more frecpiently occurs at a considerable hight, having been taken 30 to 40 feet from the ground. While the larvae as a rule probably take advantage of the broken cortex. Dr Kellicott found instances of where they had worked through the bark into the soft lajers. Pupae are to be found the last of May and the moths appear from the middle to the end of |une and possibly others com<; forth in Inly and .August, for 1 )r Kellicott found seemingly fully grown larvae in Jidy, though some apparently mature cater- pillars taken Ji:ly 15th remained in their pitch cells unchanged till the following November. According to the observations of l)r Kellicott three years are required, in some instances, to complete the life cycle. The larvae run more or less 342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM transverse rather tortuous galleries in the inner bark and sapwood. thus causing- a copious exudation of pitch which is the most tangible evidence of their presence in a tree. Pupation occurs within the mass ot pitch and just prior to the emergence of the moth, the pupa wriggles itself partly out of this sticky medium and is thus in a position to release the adult so that it may not become smeared with the pitch | pi. 45, fig. 4.]. Dr Kellicott bred a dipterous parasite from this species and as the lar\a frequent!)" mo\'es through the pitch and is almost always within its jjitchy burrows, it is some- what ditticult to understand how a parasitic tl\' could get at such a host. The e.xcrement of the larvae is mixed somewhat with pitch and the cater- pillar apparently moves through this substance as easily as some others through water. Turpentine bark beetle Dcndi-octoiius tcrcbi'au:s ( )Ii\". Masses of ];iitch at the base of large |:iines usually indicate the presence of a stout brownish beetle about ' lO to '4 in( h in length which, with its grubs, bores the inner bark. This species is very common in New York .State judging from collec- tions in various localities, and the masses of pitch occurring at the base of larger trees is a most characteristic sign of its presence. A number of grubs and larvae of this species were found working in the living tissues at the base of hard pines at Manor L. I., in 1900. The insect was observed in the vicinity of Albany the same year and in 1901 at Round Lake and other localities. Pitch ma)' be fountl tlowing slowK" frcjm the wounds the latter |)art of the summer and pitch tubes on adjacent parts of the tree give additional evidence to the liking of this beetle for living tissues. T o m i c u s c a c o g r a ]> h u s Lee. was observed working in large numbers in hard pines infested by this borer on Long Island and in the Hutlson ri\er valle\'. T o m i c u s c a 1 1 i g r a ]) h u s Germ, and some smaller species were found working in the trimk and limbs of trees infested by this insect. In no instance has the writer been able to trace very serious injur)' to the work of this borer. The greater part of the damage appears to have been done by "species of Tomicus. Early history. This species was observed b)' Dr Harris and he states INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES that its larvae arc common under the thick l)ark of pine logs and stumps. Dr I'itch notices this insect brirtly and evidently considered it one of the commiin species in New \'ork State. Dr Packard records the (jccurrence of larvae antl immature beetles in abundance at Brunswick Me., in the mid- dle of March. I )r y\. 1). 1 lopkins states that this insect was very common in West \ ir^inia from 1890-94, when it attacked all the jjines and Norway spruce, working near the base of li\ing antl dying trees and in stumps. lie also observes that it is widel)- distributetl. Description. The adult is a rather stout brownish beetle from about 3/16 to ^4 inch long. It is [jrobable that in a large series there would be rr Jt ■ JOJTT \. Fiff. 64 Dcndroctonus tere- brans (author's illustration) Fig. 65 Pupa of Dcn- droctonus t c r c b r a n c n d r o c t n n II s tere- brans (aiitliur's illustration) considerable range in color, as is the case in many other bark beetles. The jaws are black, the eyes are fmely granulated and the head and tliora.x thickly and somewhat coarsel)- punctured. The wing or ehtra are striated and somewhat coarsely punctured. The general form of the beetle ami certain structural details are shown in figure 64. The pupa is white, quite stout and about '^. inch long. The lateral edges of the alxlominal segments are each provided with a rather stout fleshy spine tipped with a dark chitinous point. A pair of similar spines are found on the last segment and smaller, scattering ones on the dorsal 344 -^'EW YORK STATE MUSEUM surface of the abdomen. Three segments project beyond tlie tips of the wing- pads. The grub is a stout, brown headed, white larva about 3 s incli hmg. The tips of the mouth parts and adjacent sutures are dark brown or black. The most ])rominent characteristic of this grub is the group of seven dark, chitinous spines on the horny anal plate. They are arranged as follows: an anterior transverse row of three, two wider apart l^ehind and between these latter twi>, two others, one in front of the other [tig. 66]. Life history. Ihe life history of this insect has received considerable attrnlion at the hands of I )r Hopkins who states that hibernating adults commence to fly in the latitude of Morgantnwn W". \'a., as early as A]). 20 and that all have emerged by May 10. Beetles from hibernating pupae and larvae emerge later. He records an instance when this beetle appeared in immense swarms soon after emerging from winter quarters and states that many were attracted b)- recently painted buildings and furniture shops, freshly sawed pine, lumber, etc., by the odor of turpentine. Dr Hopkins states that this insect prefers to enter the bark of dying trees or the stumps of recently felled ones and that it will attack healthy trees only when it has no more favorable conditions. He finds that it shows a decided preference for the living bark at the base of trees and stumps and even the e.xposed roots, in which it excavates broad galleries. It rarely l:)reeds in the bark of logs. I )r Hopkins states that the primary gallery is usually extended longitudinalh' both al)ove and below the main entrance, seldom in a lateral direction, though th(_' secondar\' or drainage galleries ma)- do so. Along the sides of the main or secondary galleries 20 to 40 eggs are placed in a mass antl when the larvae emerge they proceed in a body to feed on the bark before them, wi irking side by siilc. Plate 5S, figure 4, illustrate-s a primary gallery of this species aiul sliows how the walls have Ijeen preserved by the inhltrating pitch. 1 he )-oung grubs were working from one side of this gallery and hatl eaten out an irregular area of considerable size. Dr Hopkins states that the first co^o^ depositing period extends through IXSKCTS AFFECTIXC; PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 345 the month of May ami that hirvac arc found in abundance from the first of June lo llie he^inninu- of winter. I'upae commence to appear earl\- in |uly and ma)- he found from then till winter. The adults of the first hrood devehjp aliout thi; mithUe of July and emers.,re in .Au^-ust or possibly late in July since he has found nouul; larxac- b\- Aul;'. io. Late in the fall all stages occur in the l)ark of infested trees and often in the bark of the roots as much as 6 inches below the surface of th(! ground. These observations agree very closely with our own in this section as large numbers of eggs were found by us at Round Lake, Sep. 20, 1901. The observations of I )r 1 lo])kins indicate that there are at least two broods in West \ irginia and the same aj^pears to be true for the latitude of Albany. Dr Ho])kins states that he has observed a clerid, Thanasimus clubius babr., attack and kill this large l)ark beetle, and he records hnd- ing large numbers of th(! beetles in the stomachs of brook trout caught in Randolph count)-, W. \"a. the latter ])art of May. Bibliography 1862 Harris, T. W. Insc( ts Injurious lo Vegetation, p. 86. 1858 Fitch, Asa. Ins. X. Y. 4th Rei)'t 1S57, ]>. 42-43. 1S90 Packard, A. S. I'. S. Ent. Com. 5tli Rcp't p. 721. 1899 Hopkins, A. D. W. \'a. Agric E.\p. Sta. Bui. 56, p. 284, 294, 296, ^^^. 342, 344, 347. 349. 39^. 415-20- 1903 Felt, E. P. I'lir. I'isii & Cianic Com. ytli Rep't, [). 480-Si. Coarse writing bark beetle 'J'oniiius cixlligraphus C'jerm. A rather stout brownish or blackish cylindric beetle, about % inch in length, makes more or less longitudinal Inirrows in the thicker bark of the trunk and larger limbs of various ])ines. This is one of the largest and commonest species of the genus found on or in the thick bark of our natixe ])ines. Its operations have been observed by the writer in many localities in and about Albany during the seasons of 1899-1902 and in sonic instances at least it appeared to be an active partner in causing very serious injuries to these trees. 34t> NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Early history. This species was noticed 1)\- Dr Fitch in his fourth report under the common name of fine writing; bark beetle, but as this is hardly characteristic of the work of this borer, the writer has preferred to use the more pertinent common name employed by I_)r Packard. Dr Fitch states that this beetle occurs mostly in the pitch pine in New York State and that he has also met with it in tlie limbs of ai^^ed white pines. Dr Packard recortls the work of this insect under the bark of the southern pitch pine at Houston Tex., where it appeared to be abundant and Dr Hopkins in more recent years has taken the insect in various localities in the Western States. He finds that it is a common and widel\- distributed species over the greater part of the pine producing areas of the United States from the Atlantic coast to and including the Rocky mountain region. He adds that it attacks all of the eastern and southern pines and doubtless several of the western species in addition to the rock pine in which he found it in large numbers in tlie Black Hill region. Description. The beetle is about '4 inch in length and varies in color from a liglit brown to nearly l)lack. It is rather stout, cylindric and the cons|iicuous excavation or decli\'it)' at the posterior end ()1 the wing covers is bordered on each side Ijv a row of six teeth or chitinized processes [fig. 67J. The teeth are arranged on each wing cover as follows : a minute tooth a little to one side of the median line, a dorsal subecjual pair, a minute tooth between them and the two teeth of nearly uniform hight near the ventral margin of the declivity. The prothora.x is thickly ami rather finely granulated while the wing covers are marked with rows ot closely set rather large punctiu'es. The general form of the beetle and the sculpturing of the dorsal siu'face are shown in the accompan^'ing figure. The antennae are represented on plate 66, figure 8. The white pupae are found in oval cells in Fig. 67 Tomicus caUigraphus (author's illustration) IXSIXTS AFFECTINC; PARK AM) WOODLAND TKEF.S 347 the bark. They are not quite so lari^e as the beetle, having a smaller transverse diameter and ta])erinL,'^ very much to the posterior extremity. Two or iliret- of tlie ^.^^m^^.\ - -^ abdominal sesrments usually project IxNoml the tip of the wint:^ covers. As the jjujki advances ^ ^ in aee, the white becomes yellowish and the A >^ mandibles ma\- In- a dark brown. The full LiTown lar\a is a brown head<-d ^. ^^ ,^ ,..'', .^ -^ rig, fiS Ucclivity of r o id 1 c 11 s c .O i i- grub about -' ,„ inch long when normally extended. Br;.|>i>us um)u„\ iiius e n d r o c t o n u s terelirans, the former from K.^rner, the huter from M.iii'ir : t*^'r n m i c us t; .1 1 I i ^ ra p h 11 s (nrijiiii.il 1 dant because the galleries of the )oung of different females may interfere more or less. It frequently hapiiens that the beetles are so abundant as to eat away a considerable proptjrtion of the bark and plate 55, figure 3, shows this condition very nicely and figure i on the same plate represents the same thing in a more advanced stage. The condition of the trunk of the tree after it has harbored large numbers of these borers is shown on plate 54, figure I. It will be seen that all of the bark has dropped from the trunk and that many very shallow grooves have been made in the surface INSECTS AFFF.CTINC, PARK AND WOODLAN I) TREES 349 of the wood, indicating that this species burrows vcr\- largely in the inner liark. The work of this insect is ;:ometimes inconspicuous. Plate 56, figure 2. shows the base of a tree, the innt'r bark of which has been thoroughly riddled 1)\- this borer, as shown on plate 56, figure 3, while it will be seen that nothing but decaying borings lies between the outer bark and the surface of the wood. The few e.xit holes on such a tree are shown on plate 56, figure i. The galleries of this insect are sometimes preserved for indefinite ]>erioils and constitute iniini|)eachabl(.' records of injur)' to living trees. Piatt; 55, hgure 4, shows an elongated piece of bark with a .series of longitudinal well preserved burrows which have been kept from injtn-y by insects usually following Tomicus Ijecause their walls wt^re infil- trated with pitch, conclusive e\ idence that the tissues were living at the time this bark borer attacked the tree. The same thing is shown more plainly in plate 56, figure 2. It will hv. observed that the burrows on either side of these preserved channels have been almost entirely obliterated by insects which follow the original Invaders. Plate 60. figure 4 shows how the Tomicus burrows ma\' be obllteraleil Ijy R h a g i u m 1 i n e a t u m Oliv., a species living in decaying bark. The work of this scolytid In con- junction with other forms to l)e notice(' later is well shown on plate 53, figiu'e I, which rt'present two pines photographed .Sep. 2S, 1901. It will be observed that tlu; tip of one has very little foliage ami as a matter of fact it was entirely dead at that time. The lower limbs, however, were thrifty and green and though insects were working in the trunk the tree still appeared to be vigorous. The other tree In the photograph bears rather abundant foliage and showed very little evidence of weakness, though it was somewhat Injured at that time by the borers. The same trees are represented at figure 2, as they stood .\[i. 2S, 1902. It will be observed that the tree with a dead ti|) the preceding September has bt^en entirely killed anil that very few needles arc to be seen on the other one, which showed comparatively little injury the preceding fall. Poth an! dead and are evidences of the rapidity with which this insect and Its associates may work. Plate 52 shows a somewhat familiar condition in the vicinit\" of 350 >>'E\V YORK STATE MUSEUM Albany where a considerable proportion of narrow strips of pine have been killed by this and related bark borers in recent years. Life history. The development of this insect recpiires about lo weeks. Aul;-. 5, iQOi a slender pine was observed in which this species was enterinir in large nunil)ers. The needles were somewhat thin at that time, pitch tubes were rather abundant and many small masses of pitch were to be found on the foliag'e of surroundiuL,'' shrubs. The beetles were runnint^r tlieir primary galleries at this time, the bark of the tree was alive along practically its entire length, and many eggs were being laid l:>y the beetles. About eight weeks later, or Se]). 26, two thirds of the needles were brown and the remainder were changing rapidly. Oct. ib ])ractically all the needles were brown and dead, the bark had been kilknl antl its inner layers consisted of little else than borings. Practicallv all of the living I omicids had forsaken this tree though some were found in those near by. During this short time the entire life cycle was completed as the inner bark had been entirely destro)ed by the work of beetles and grubs. I)r Hopkins states that Hister cylindricus Payk is a common predaceous enemy of this species. Habits. It is not intended b\' the above account to give the impression that this insect normally attacks living trees, but the evidence submitted above proves conclusivel\- that, under certain conditions, it may and does cause serious injur)-. It is undoubtedly true, as stated by other writers, that this species, like some of its allies, attacks by preference diseased or il\'ing trees and that onl)- when it l)ecomes exceptionally aljundant is there danger of its injuring healthy pines. The writer has observed this insect in the vicinit)' of Albany where it has caused more injur\- to white pines than to the eciuall)' abundant, though smaller, hard or pitch pine. The latter occurs almost entirel)- on Long Island and therefore this species can attack no other pine in that section. Preventive measures. There is xttvy little that can be done for trees which have been attacked by this and related borers other than cutting and burning the infested parts before the beetles have emerged. If this cutting INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 351 is done at the tiim> the insects are all in the larval or .t^rub state, it will he sufficient if the Inirk is stripped from the trees and allowed to dry. This will kill practically all the insects, hut in case there are considerahle numbers of beetles present, it would be wiser to destroy them at once by burning'. Bibliography 185S Fitch, Asa. Ins. X. V. 4tli Kep'i 1^57- !'• .o-j^ 1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Km. Com. 5th Rcp't, i>. 711-12 ,899 Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agrir. Exp. Sta. I'.ul. 56, p. 284, 204. ,342. .,22, 445 1902 Felt, E. P. U. .S. Dcp't .\gric. Div. Ent. I'.ul. 3 ■,"•«■• P- ^4-65 ,902 Hopkins, A. D. U. S. Dep't Agric. Div. Ent. Hul. 32, n. s. p. . .-.2 1903 Felt, E. P. lor. Fish & Game Com. 7th Rep't, ]). 4S2-85 Pine bark beetle Tomicus pini Say A light brown or nearly black beetle about 5 32 inch in length bores the thinner pine burk near the middle portion of the trunk and that of the larger limbs. This species is about the same size as Tomicus cacographus Lee. and similarly it is freciuently associated with larger forms, specially with Tomicus calligraphus (i.M-m. It appears to contine its attack largely to the white pine though it has been recorded from spruce and larch. This borer was breeding in large numbers Aug. 18, 1901 at Saranac Inn in a small dying white pine about 18 inches in diameter. The tree was abundantly infested about midway of its hight and a few beetles were found almost at the top and nearly to the base. This species occurred Sep. 15 in considerable numbers imder the bark of the upper portion of the trunk and on the underside of the larger limbs of a large dying white pine at Lan.ing- bm-g. This tree was also attacked hs r o m i c v. s c a 11 i g r a p h u s ( .erm. which was exceedingly alnmdant in the thick bark near the base of the trimk. Practically the same conditions as described above were fnund at Bath-on-Hudson. across the river from .Albany, e.vcept that the attack was more advanced. This form was also concerned in the death of a numbc-r of 35- ^^EVV YORK STATE MUSEUM while pines at Round Lake X. Y. in the summer of igoi. The tlestructive work of this little Ijorer was further evidenced b)- a comijlaint from Jeremiah I)a\-, Catskill X. V., Decemljer 1901, to the effect that 50 \oun<^- white jMnes about 25 or 30 years okl had been killed during- the precedino- summ.er and the examijles ol the injured bark pro\-ed that tliis species was the dep- R'dator. It is very evident that this little Ijorer can serious!)- injure if it does not kill a tree outriyht. It was met with on pine and tamarack at Bio- Moose X. v., Jul)- S, 1903, evidentl)- attracted to the recentl)- l)urned trees. Description. The beetle is sliyhtl)- larger than Tomicus c a c o- graphu s Lee, bein^- aliout 5 „ inch lon^- and usuall)- a little stouter. It -3s--^-'tn?^^^ varies in color, like the precedino', from a lio'ht to a :^'^'vi^< .""v* *- very dark brown. One of the most ijrominent char- >^ •'^S'-''^*'***^ ' actenstics of this species is the presence of but four f 7 . '," / teeth on each side ()f the conspicuous posterior exca- \.^' " vation or declivity of the elytra. They are arranijed as follows: the dorsal o:ie near the i-nediai-i line is Fiij. 70 Declivity of Tom i c II s j.iiii i..n.h.,r-siiiu«ratinni uiiiiute aud souit ' 1 1 ui I "s wautlni^^ in the female; the second ai-id third are laroer, speciall)- the latter, and touchino- at the base; the fourth is n-iuch smalU-r and independent. The prothorax is rather coarsely o-ranulated and the elytra or wino- covers are ornamented with loiioitudinal rows of rather small i)ui-ictures. The antcnnal structure is shown OI1 i)late 66, fio-ure 7 and that of the tilna in figure yia. Life history and habits. The t)-pical form of the burrows of this insect is well shown ii-i ])Iate 57, figure 3, which rejjresents the central or entrance chamber ai-nl ai"! adult gallrr\-. The latter is aliout ' ,„ inch in dianieter, and leading therefrom are somewhat tortuous expandii-ig larval mines, rarely more than ' ., inch in length. The specimen of Ixvrk [jhotographed shows also th(_- work of what is probabl)- a )-oLnig Monohammus lar\-a. It will be -seen 1)\- an examii-iatioii of this figure that, in this case at least, two females conlii-iurd their work from the central chamber, one going up and the other dc^vn a[)[)roximatel\- parallel with the bark tilx-rs. A more atlvanced INSECTS AFFECTINC; PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 353 sta_sjc of tliis insect's work is shown at ])Iat(' 57, figure 2, which rei)rcsents a [lortion of a female gallery together with a great nian\- \. 713-15, 858, 903 1S99 Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agric:. Kxp. Sta. lUil. 56, p. -\s3-54, 342, 422, 445 1903 Felt, E. P. Fur. iMsli \: Came Com. 7th Rep't, {k 4S7-88 Tomicus caelatus 1, ich. A hrownish (ir nearly lilack cylinilrii: Iteetle aliout ' ,', inc h in length may be found working in tlie inner huers of thinner pine bark, partic uhirly that of the middle [lortion of the trnnk and on the underside of the lindis of larger trees. This buret", like 1" o miens c a c o o' r a p h u s Lee. and T. p i n i Say is frequently associated with the larger ami very common T. calli- ii" r a IJ h u s Germ, and like the other small torms ])refers the thinner bark of smaller trees or that of the- ujiper portions (d' the trunk of laro'er ones. This l>ark l)eetle has been characterized by Dr Fitch as one of the luost pernici(.)iis of all the insects infestine^ our white pine forests and the yellow pine in the Southern States. He adds that while most of the larger borers mav attack old and deca\ino' or dead trees, this small insect is liable to invade those that are in full health and viyor and >ounL;- trees as well as older ones. This species is stateil by l)r Hopkins to be \ery common in West \'iroinia in partly livino- bark, on lixini;-, dying and dead, standing and felled trees. He adds that it infests all of the j/ines and the native ami intro- duced spruces and that it is witlely distrilnited. lie has foiunl Hister c y 1 i n d r i c u s Pa)'k in the galleries of this species. This beetle was found at work in l)alsam in company with Tomicus balsameus Lee, in hard i>ine with T. c a 1 1 i g r a p h 11 s C.erm. and T. c a c o g r a p h u s Lee., in white pine with T. c alii g rap h 11 s ( lerm. and T. |)ini Sa\' and in spruce with P o 1 )■ g r a p h 11 s rtilipennis Kirliy. It \v;>.s also taken on sprtice ami taiuarack at Dig Moose N. Y., Aug. 3, 1903, ])roba])lv attracted to the n-cently burned trees. Description. This is another medium si/etl Toiuicus, l^eing about i/X inch in length, c\'lindric, and \'arylng in color from a light to a very dark INSECTS AFFECTIXC, PARK AND WOOULAXU TREES 355 '^.^y rig. 7i I>ccli\it; ■ 1 t;i i c 11 s c a c 1 .1- tus (author's itliislraliont brown, li is a litlk: shorter .iml more slcinlcr than T o m i c u s caco- uraphus Lcc, the posterior, tlorsal portion of the winj.^ covers is nicjre hairy and the tlecHvity is not so well niarketl. There are three principal tubc'-cles orchitinous teeth. .\ minute dorsal one near the median ^-M/ \. line and two larger, widely sejjarated teeth on ^. the llattenetl area of the declivity. Between the larger tubercles antl farther from the median line there are two minute chitinous points marking \\\v. real margin of the declivity. The prothora.x is rather finely granulated and thi; wing covers ar(' markeil with longituilinal rows of rather hue punctures. The antennae are represented on plate 66, hgure 5 and the middle tibia at figure -\h. The galleries of this species, judging from the few specimens collected are more irregular than are those of some other members of the genus. The central or entrance chamber is well marketl ami front this three or more females may make their way in rather tortuous courses, sometimes parallel with antl sometimes nearly across the bark fibers. The eggs are deposited on both sides of the burrows and the grubs or larvae excavate very irregular galleries for a ilistance of about an inch and end their labors in a rather deep oval cell in the sapwood in which the grub transforms to the iK^etle. Or I'itch noticed this insect in his fourth report under the name of T o ui i c u s xvlographus Sav and he comments as follows on the boring habits of this species. He slates that a long slender cylindric gallery is formed which is excavated about equally in the outer surface of the wood and in the inner layers of the bark. In some cases two. three or even six galleries start from one point, running in oi)posite directions, Init always lengthwise with the tree or limb. Little notches are excavated at intervals in the adult galleric-s while the work is in progress, one to four eo-<^s beimr placed in each notch. The gnawings of the beetles are left 356 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Strewn in the hark l)t_-hin(l them, antl as tliey travel backward antl forward in the biirritu' iVniii time to time, the httle stilt hairs with which their bodies are [inuided ser\e as a brush to sweep this tkist into the egg notches. Thus the nidutlis of these chambers are Idled and the eggs therein coveretl and concealed. The female lorms a burrow from 4 to 8 inches or more in length. Life history. L)r Fitch states that the eggs probably hatch in 10 to 20 days according to the temjjerature. The young grub is found King with its back towards the sawdust with which the cavity in which the egg is laid was filled, it thus being close to the soft innermost kucr of l)ark at the e.xtremity of the notch. This cavity is continued b}' the larvae to a distance of from I to 3 inches at a|)i)roximately right angles to the central gallery, which latter increases in size with the develojiment of the grub. Those not overtaken b\- disaster excavate an oval cell in which the final transformation to the atlult takes place. The small beetles escape irom their retreats by boring directh' to the surface of the bark. Bibliography 1857 Fitch, Asa. Ins. N, V. 4th Rep't 1.S57, ].. ;iO-35 1899 Hopkins, A. D. W. \'a. .Vgric Exp. Stn. Hull. 56, p. 258, 342, 423 and 446 1903 Felt, E. P. l-'ur. Fish iS: (lame Cum. ylh Rrp't, |i. 488-90 Southern tomicus Tom i cits caiOi;r(i/>///is Lee. A small brown or blat kish rylin(lri( bet-lie about 's inrh long may freipiently be found boring the thinner bark "f smaller |iines and that of the limbs ol larger trees. It is usually assoc ialed in this work with one or more species l)elonging to this genus. This bark borer is a medium sized form which was specialh' abimdant in October igoo at Manor L. I., where it attacked the hartl pines which are so abundant in that region. This beetle prefers the thinner l)ark of smaller trees and also attacks the middle portion of the trindv and the limbs of larger jiinrs. It is freiiuentl)' associated in its destructi\-e work with T o m i c 11 s c a 1 1 i g r a p li u s ( lerm. This s|)ecies was taken in August and September in considerable num- INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 357 bers at Sliiiijerhinds and Kariur. Ii was found workiiii^f in a recently cut lian! pine al Karner and in while pine linihs which Iiad just l)een cut at Slinj^rerlanils. This beetle was common at ^[an()r L. I., in igoo. It was taken from unth-r the I)ark of thi- midiUe jjortion of tlie trunk of a pilch l)ine, which was attacked at the base by I ) e n d r f) c t o n u s terebrans ()Ii\-. It appeared to \)r the primarx' olteiuK;r in one case where it was boring' in hu"t;"(- nund)ers in a limb on which the needh-s were still L;reen, though they droppetl reatlilw It was found working' in the livint^ tissues at the base of another dyini;- hard pine. Tliis lattter tree had thrown out sprouts in a last effort to sustain life antl even these were clxini;'. Another small tree was found badh" infested with this bark borer. The leaves were just be^'innin^' to turn yellow and the attack was confined almost entirel\- to the u])per portion ol the trunk. Description. This is one of the medium sized species of Tomiciis. Ihe beetle is a tritle over la inch lont;-, cylindric, rather slender in form and like other s|)ecics of this grenus, varies in color from a light to a tlark brown. The ])osterior excavation or declivity of the winjj;- covers is bordereil In' a sc^ries of ^ ,y five teeth. The one near the dorsal median line is \'er\' minute-, the second and third are much larger ami connectetl at the base and the fourth and fifth arc rig.7j l..:^.....)- oi i omicus c .1 c o c r .1 p h n s (.mthor's smaller and distinct from each other. The prothorax iiiusiraiioni is rather coarsely granulated and the wing covers are marked with longitu- dinal rows of rather deep punctures. The antennal structure is illustrated on jjlate 66, figure 8 and the tibia in figure jic. The soft white pupae mav be found in their oval cells in the bark. The pupa is usually creamy white, about as long as the beetle and wilh a tapering abdomen wilh one or two segmeiiis usually extending l)eyond the tips of the wing covers. The full grown larvae or grubs arc a creamy white, about 3 \(, inch long and with the body slightly curved. The luatl is light Ijrown with the tips of the mouth parts and adjacent sutures much ilarki-r. ^.^ s 35S NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Life history. Ailults of this species were entering limhs in lart^e numhers at Manor L. 1. Oct. 3, 1900, the tj^alleries evidcntl)- being both for hibernation anil food. They were a httle over ' if, inch in diameter, exceedingly tortuous and apparent!)' without ])hui. In one portion tlie beetles had just begun their operations and the curious manner in which they work in li\ing bark is shown on ]ilate 60, figure i. A more advanced stage is illustrated at plate 60, figure 2, and this shows how completely a limb may l)e girdled within a short time. The specimen from which this illustration was made was taken from a limb about 10 feet long which bore many green needles. The foliage dropped readily and as the tree had apparently been vigorous till within a short time, the primary injur)- was attributed to this insect. A central or entrance chamber will be seen in both of these illustrations, though most of the galleries are very irregular. The tendency of the adults to work largely with the grain of the bark is lown in plate 60, figure 3, which illustrates a very badly eaten piece of hartl pine bark. There was \'er)' little or no evidence of the operations of the larva in this instance. Dr Packard states that the burrows of this species are much Jike those of T. call igraphu s Germ, except that tlie main gallery is narrower, being about ' i,, inch in diameter and the exit holes to correspond with the smaller size of tiie beetle. Srj far as olu- observations go the galleries made by the beetles during the breeding perioil are more regular and are apt to run with the grain of the bark, the eggs being tleposited on either side and th(- )oung making more or less oljlique, ser|)cntin(.- galleries in the ailjacent tissues. Later, the infested bark may beconie a mass of interlacing burrows partly filled with Ijrown particles of deca\'ing bark. A few of the adult galleries ma)' remain comparatixel)' untouchetl, but, as a ride, the)' art' not so straight and sharply defined as are those of Tomicus c a 1 1 i g r a ]> h u s Germ. Dr Hopkins has observed that the beetles are attracted Ijy turjientine. Distribution. The distribution of this s]:)ecies has l)een given by Dr LeConte as the Southern and Western .States and Dr Packard credits it with injuring tlie pines of North Carolina and southward even more than INSECTS AFFECTI.\(; I'AKK AND WOODLAND TREES 350 T. p i n i S;i\- in iHl- north. Dr J. B. Smith records the insect as Ijeinj,^ present throuii^hout New Jersey when- it mines the tureen bark of dead or d\ini; pines ami spruces. I )r I lopkins states tliat it is \ery common in West Virginia under partl_\- hxiuL;'. dyiuL^- and dead l)ark of living, d\ing and dead standing and fallen pines and .spruces. I le states that it infests all of the pines and thit nativt; and introduced spruces and that it is widely distributed. Natural enemies. 1 )r A. 1). ik)[)kins has reared several parasites from this species. S j) a t h i u s canadensis (?) Ashm. was bred by him from cocoons found in the mines of this insect in white pine and .S. p a 1 1 i il u s Ashm. was reared In' him from cocoons occurring in the larval galleries uniler the bark of scrul) pine. llister parallel us .Sa\- and H. c \' 1 i n d r i c u s Payk were taken by i )r i loijkins in the ealleries of this species. Bibliography 1890 Packard, A. S. \'. S. Km. Com. 5th Rcp't, p. 17 1899 Hopkins, A. D. W. Va. Agric Exp. Sta. Bui. 56, p. .284-344, 347, 422, 427, 428 and 445 1903 Felt, E. P. I'or. Fish & (".amc Com. 7tli Rep't, p. 485-86 Minute spruce bark beetle Cryptitrgus atoiiixs Lee. .\ minute, dark bark beetle about '/,6 incli in length, makes short sinuous mines in tiie bark of spruce and [)ine. This is one of our smallest bark borers and in many instances is proba- bly overlooked on this account. According to I)r Hopkins it enters the galleries of other bark beetles, from which it excavates numerous very small, irregular channels through the inner bark of dying and dead black and red spruce and wliite pine. Ihe mine consists of a short, sinuous, pri- mary gallery about y2 inch long from which arise on either side about 10 shorter secondary galleries. The beetles are sometimes extremely niuiier- ous, many mines occurring within a square inch of surface. Dr Packard records meeting larvae, pupae and beetles in great abundance at Brunswick 360 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mr., in Au_i4ust 1880, where they occur in dead trees as well as spruce stum|)s, also in white \>\nc stumps. I he followin'j; description of the beetle is given by Dr LeConte : Slender, dark, piceous, shining, |)rothorax distinctly longer than wide, sparsely and coarsely jiunctureil ; elytra very finely not densely pubescent, striae composed of shallow punctures, interspaces as well as the striae with- out distinct punctulations. Length, i mm +. Head with a broad short beak, slightl_\- convex, finely not densely punctulate. Prothorax distinctly longer than wide, slightly rounded on the sides, graduall\- narrowed from the middle to the tip ; disk transversely convex, not polisheil, but very imperceptibly granulate, sparsely and strongly punctured. Elytra cylin- drical, not wider than the prothorax, convexly declivous behind; sparsely clothed with very short and fine yellowish pubescence , striae composed of rather large, shallow punctures, interspaces not narrower than the striae, almost imperceptibly punctulate. Beneath nearly smooth, sides of meta- sternum with a row of punctures, sides of ventral segments feebly punctured. Legs piceous, front tibiae with five distinct acute teeth on the outer edge, which is also sparsely fringed with long yellowish hairs, with a fine apical spine at inner angle ; tarsi yellow, narrow, third joint not dilated. /Vntcnnae with the scape long, the first joint of the funicle large, rounded ; second indistinct, closely connected with tlie clul), which is large oval, not pointed, solid, polished and corneous, excei)t along the apical margin, where there is a spongy sensitive band. I his species probably has a wide distriljution in tlie northeastern bruited States, as it is rt.-corded from Canada and Maine south to West \'irginia and westward to Ohio. Sawyer Mouoha)ininis cotifitsor Kirby Large white, fleshy, legless grub from i 'j to 2 iiK lies long may frequently work in the inner bark and sapwood of dead and dying pines, spruees and balsams, and also in logs c ut from these trees. I his s[)ecies is one of the more common borers foiiiul umler the bark of logs and dead ami d)'ing trees belonging to the species mentioned above. The [irestMicc of the borers in ])iles of logs may easily be detected by the masses of white sawdiistliki- Ijorings which collect on the ground beneath or which ma\' be found under the bark. Injuries. (Jrubs belonging prrsumabl\- to this species have been met INSECTS AFI-I-;CTI.\(; PARK AND WOODLANIJ TREES 36 1 with l>y ill" wrilcr in halsani, sjjnicc, hard and white ])inc's, and in not a few instances they were alnnichmt enoui^di to cause consitlerable injury and materially reduce the market value of tlu; Io.lCS. This species, when numer- ous, also appears able to exist in livintj trees. The writer found a number of these j^rul)s Oct. i6, iqoi at Balh-on-Hudson, workins^ in livinL,^ a])])ar- ently healthy l)ark and with the point of injury indicated by wormlike masses of pitch, showing; conclusively that the i,frul)s were operatini.,^ i,i lixiUi^ tissues. Vhv. tree imde-r obst-r\ation was apiiarenlly nr)t infested by an\' other insect and it ap[iears probable that the beetles must have bred in larj^e nunil)ers in nearb\- dc-cayini.,r, dead or dyin^,'- trees and then, because of the lack of more suilabh; conditions, attacked this li\inL,r white pine. Another case was observed tlurinir the same summer where the '""rubs of this species were workinj^ in what appeared to be healthy pines and their operations weri; to be ol)served here anel there over a considerable propor- tion of larye trunks. It is remarkal)le how cjuickly this species infests a dyin<.; tree, and in not a few other cases have we been led to question whether the Monohammus larvae may not have followe'il the work of other species ver\' clcjseh', e\en if its attack was not coincident with theirs. Ear'y history. This species was noticed in some detail b\ l)r bitch under the name of Monohammus not at us I)rur\-. He characterizes it, M. marmoratus Rand, and M. scutellatus .Sa\- as the most common and pernicious borers of pine timber in Xew York. He states that felled pine timber allowed to remain in the forest through the summer months is likely to suffer much injury Irom these borers, and adds that they invariably make their e.xit from the wood on its upper side, and, as the holes from which they issue ailmit wattr, tin- timber decays rapidh". This insect was noticed in 1877 b\' Rev. C J. .S. Bethune who states that it is very generally destructi\e throughout Canada and the Northern states, often lieing excessively abundant in ])ine regions. He cites Mr K. Billings to the effect that he once saw a ])ine tree near Lake Clear, Renfrew county, on which he calculated there were at least 300 individuals of this species, while many others were flying about in all directions. Dr James 362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fltitcher in 18S7 includes this species and M. scutellatus Say as the two insects which probal^ly commit the most serious ravai^es in Canada on felled pine timber or on standing pine trees after the)' have been injured by hre. Description. I he egg has been described by I)r Packard as follows: " Ovo-c\ lintlrical, well roimded. l)ut taptn'ing somewhat at each end, of a dirty white color" and as about ' i, inch long. The grub is a white, fleshy, cylindric larva, which when full grown may attain a length of from iH to 2 inches. The mandibles are a very dark brown and the head varies in color from amber to rather dark brown, the deeper color occurring at the sutures. The thoracic shield is somewhat chitinized and bears a transverse, irregular, dark brown marking. This larva may be readily distinguished from that of Rhagium, which frrquenth' occurs under similar conditions, by tlie entire absence of legs and by the head not being nearly so wide and flattened. The adult insect is a magnificent grayish beetle, finely mottled with light brown and rather conspicuously dotted, sijecialh' on the wing covers, with dark brown or nearly black. The body length of the beetle varies from about 5,4 to i Vi inches. The insect is remarkable for its enormous antennae, which may measure from 2 to 3 or more inches in length [pi. 63, fig- i1- Life history. The beetles are found in the vicinity of .Vlbany from the latter part (jf June through [uly and into August antl Dr bletcher mentions taking an adult in September. This latter date is late for New York State. The beetles by preference frequent dying or dead trees and occasionally are found in considerable numbers. The eggs of this species are deposited in conspicuous transverse gashes in the bark which are made by the female with her jaws. Dr Packard is of the (jpinion that the beetle prys up a jwrtion of the gash and inserts the Gg,g '■'' the opening thus formed. The eggs are said to hatch in from two to three days after deposition and the young grubs at once begin boring in the inner bark. The earlier work of the larva or Lrrub is confined almost INSECTS AFI-ECTIXC; I'AKK AND WOOULA.V U TKEES 363 eiitirul)' to the inner l)ark, hut as it. increases in size the saijwootl may be scored, and eventually iht! borer may 1,^0 to some depth in tiie wood, particular])- on the apprfiach of winter. This ^rub wlien near maturity is very stront,'- and excavates larj^a-, irregular galleries in almost any clirection in the wood, and has been fr(!- quenll\- met with 1)\- the writ(;r at the: depth of 6 or 8 inches from the surface. He lias seen small balsam trees, 6 inches in diameter, penetrated to the center b\- the grub, which subsec^uently completed its transformations and the beetle emerged on llu! opposite side. This borer works so vigor- ously that it may be heard at night gnawing in the wood. The jieriod re(|uired for the completion of the life c\cle is unknown, though mosi writers are of the oinnion that vmder or(linar\- circumstances three years are necessary. 1 )r James Fletcher calls attention to the tindinc- of larva of all sizes in a ])ine which had been killed bv rir-; the j)revious spring and from this he is inclined to believe that under certain conditu)ns the life cycle may be completed in a year. It is known that this time mav be enormously extended, since beetles have been bred out from wood which had been cut 10 to 15 or more )ears before. Distribution. This insect, which appears to have a general distribution in pine, spruce and balsam regions, ranges from West Virginia into Canada and, according to published accounts, it appears to be much more abundant to the north. Protective measures. \'ery little, or nothing can be done to protect standing trees from attack by this insect, other than the prompt cutting of dying and dead timber. Dr James b'letcher has pointed out that logs may be protected to a considerable extent by covering them with lir boughs so as to shade them from the sun. Probably any other shade wouUl be nearly as effective. The removal of the bark would also aid materiallv in pre\ent- ing the borers from entering the logs. Bibliography 1857 Fitch, Asa. Ins, X. V. 4tli Rep't, p. 21-24 1890 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Com. 5tli Rcp't, p. 686-95 3^4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM White spotted sawyer jMoiiohaiiiiiuts sciitcllat lis Say This longirorn is inm h less aluinihint ai)()ut Albany than its larger relative M. c o n f 11 s () r Kiiiiw It nit-asiirt-s about Ss inch in length and may l)e recognized by its nearly unitOnn bhu k (olcjr mottled with white. The writer took a specimen on chino- white pine at Batli-on- Hudson July 26, 1901, antl one on hartl |)ine at Karm-r |une 13 of the same year. It ap|_)ears to he mnnerous in the /Vdirondack ret^ion, antl somewhat so at Pike. Accordino- to Dr Packard it is common, sometimes abundant, in Maine and northern \cw Ent,dand and speciall\- in the himher reo^ions of Lake .Sii|j(;rior, from whence he had received it in lar^c mmil>ers. It also occurs, accordino- to him, in pine forests of British America, and in W^ash- in:j;;ton and ( )rey<)n alono' the Pacific coast. Dr A. I). Hopkins records it as a common and dcstructi\'e wood Isorer in tlyin<;' antl ileatl white pine in West \'irs4'inia. This species apijears to Ije comparative!)' rare in New Jersey, since I )r Smitli lists a single sj^ecimen from Newark and gives but one other locality where it is known to occur. Rev. C. J. .S. Prthune, writing;' of this insect in 1877, states that the species is sometimes \cr\' abimdant in Canada, and that he has (occasionally foimd the insects swarmino- in M-rc-at numbers on fallen pines. Rew Thomas W. P\'les records an instance where this species was e.xtrenu'ly inpu'ious to spruce in 1805. J^'" "^t'^te's that in the sjjrino- one of his neighbors planted an extensive hedt^e around his i^rfoinuls and by the entl of the summer nearly every scion had been ijirdled or partially so by this beetle. He adds that in a heavy wind he has seen a larg-e spruce tree snajj off two feet from the j^roimd, and on examination found that the stem was honey combed with the larval tjalleries of this insect. Dr fames Fletcher states that shading cut logs with balsam boughs appears to be a verv effective method of pre- venting injur)- by this species and M. c o n f u s o r Kirby. INSECTS AFFECTINC PARK AND WOOULANU TREES 365 Tickler iMono/iai/iinus titillator I'abr. A lirownisli mottled cylindric l)cctle, about 'j iri< li lon^;, and with very long slender antennat.', may he found in small numbers on pine trees in midsummer. The larvae bore in the wood. This Ixaiitifiil little beetle was met with in very small numbers in iqoi on l)oth while i)ln(; and lianl pine. This species is eviilently widely dis- tributed, since its ranj^^e has been t,nven by l)r Horn as from Canada to the state of W'ashinu^ton and smithwartl. It occiu's on pines in |inie and [iiK' throughout the slate of New Jersey as recorded by l)r .Smith. This insect was noticed brietl)- by Dr Harris, but he was not aware of its habits. Mr b. C. Bowdiich has ascertained some inieresiin<,r facts reoardino- It. Life history and description. Mr b>o\vdiich records takin^j adidls under the l)ark of yellow pines in Iinie, at which time a number were nearly reach- to emerge, antl a week later he discovered no less than 80 beetles in one tree in all stages of development, the largest being near the base. The larvae ijore through the trunk, when it is less than 6 inches in diameter, instead of working here and there on the surface of the wood. Wa states that the larva feeds on the sapwood or inner bark till fall, when it turns and bores outward, leaving its passage filled with chips, and forms a hiijernating cell about 'i to ' ,,, inch beneath the bark, in which it com|iletes its trans- formation during iIk; winter or even as late as the last of Jinic. Ihe grids has l>een described by Mr Bowdiich as follows: The larva is a footless, \elIowish, white grub, more or less hairy, cylindrical in shape, about 1 ^ „j inches long, and ? 20 of an inch in diameter. The body including the head is made up of 14 segments, the last eight of which have a kind of ridge on each side, covered with hairs longer than those which are found on the rest of the body and which doid)tless assist it in locomotion, the second segment next the head is flattened on the upper side. Bibliography 1873 Bowditch, F. C. .\m. Nat. 7 : 498-500 366 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Marbled sawyer J/onoImiiinius iiiariiioral us Rand. This iiisL-t t is inui h r^ircr in New Vurk State than the larger M. c o n f u sor Kirl)v and tlie nearly ei|iial sized M. sen tellatus Say. The beetle is ahout "s in( h long and may l>e rec ugni/ed liy its light grayish wing covers mottled with brown and dark brown SIKltS. The insfct was taken in small numbers the latter part of June and in earl\- Jul\\ iqoi at Alliany and a tew specimens have been received by the writer Irom Pike. It presumably has about the same habits as M. scu tellatus .Say. It was brouoht to the attention of I)r I'ilch in 1857, who records the breed- ino- of the beetle in July. I >r Packartl states that it is not a particularly common insect. Bibliography 1857 Fitch, Asa. Ins. X. Y. 4lh Rep't, )i. 24 Ribbed pine borer Rhiigtitiii liiicatiiui 01 iv. .V white, liroad headed flattened grub frei|uently occurs in considerable numbers under tlie liark of dead pines, and transforms to a gray, black marked beetle with con- spicuous ridges on its wing c overs. This sijecies has been met with b\- tin- writer in considerable abimdance luuU-r the bark of dead \vhit<; or hanl pines in the vicinity of Alban\'. It can not be consideretl injurious to living' trees so far as our e.xperience goes, since it is on(_'. of tin- forms which revels in partly rotten tissues, and the operations of tin; grid) and associated insects soon loosen the bark so that it falls off in large sheets. This beetle was so abundant .Sep. 2, 1901, under the bark of a good sized white pine, at Lansingburg, that about 25 adults, niuncrous |)Upa(^ and larvae were obtaineti in a few minutes. Oct. 10 practi- call)' the same conditions obtainc-d, though there may have been fewer larvae. It was taken Aug. 17, icjoi, tuid(.-r spruce l)ark at .Saranac Inn. This species was noticed by Dr Rathvon in i S61, who foimd it very common in Penns\-lvania and credited it with killing trees. It has been INSICCTS AFFECTINC. PAKK AM) WOODLAND TREES 367 recorded bv Dr Packartl as occurrim^^ under the l)ark of |)ilcli ])ine and balsam trc('s. He found lliis species abundant under the bark of a white pine loLj at Salem Mass., in October, and states that he has frecpiently detected it in the same situations in .Maine. lie obtained both the larvae and adults Ap. 24. Dr Hopkins has recorded this species as minint,^ under the bark of dvin-;- trees and states that it is common in X'ir^inia. He records th(' j)resence of adults A]). 8, May 5, c», < )ct. 17, Dec. 19, and pujia in October, and larvae (ul\' 14. lb' adds that it is a very common borer in deca\"in^' jiine wherexcr the trees ^row in W est \ iri^inia. Description. This beetle is a orra\ ish insect, mottled with black, about 5/g inch lon<.(. Its general forms and markings are well shown on plate 64, figure I. ihe ]:)rothoracic sjjines and the two prominent ridges on each wing cover are the most characteristic features of this beetle. The pupa is white, rather stout, and varies in length from about }4 to nearlv -^+ inch. The dorsum of the head, meso- and metathorax and each alnlominal segment l)ear minute hairs or setae somewhat grouped on each side of the dorsal line. The brown abdominal spiracles are conspicuous [pi. 64, lig. 4]. Tile j)upal cell is constructed just under the; l)ark. It is oval, about ^2 by -)4 inches in diameter and is jiartly lint'il with somewhat decayed wood particles. The most characteristic feature is the mass of fibers torn from the wood at the bottom of the cell and incorporated in its walls | pi. 64, fig. 7 |. The excavation in the wootl is probably necessary to give requisite depth for the thicker pupa and beetle. This is in marked contrast to the pujjal cells of P )■ t h o americanus Kirb\-, a species frequenll\- associ- ated with Rhagium and which is noticed on page 368. The white llattened grui) or larva ranges in length from 3^ to 1 i/^ inches and is remarkable for its broad head which is amber coloretl and is fully as wide as the thoracic segments. Ihe powerful jaws are tipped with black. The corneous prothoracic shield is yellowish, and the six true legs are poorly developed [pi. 64, fig. i i]. Life history. Some larvae, pupae and many beetles were found under 368 >:E\V YORK STATE MUSEUM the l)ark of one tree Sep. 21, iqoi. The remainiiiL;' pupae wen; nearl\- reach' to assume the adult form and the beetles were to be found mostl\- within the ])Upal cells. Mciny of them had be<^'-un to burrow in an oblique direction up ami out thniut^'h tlie Ijark. .Some had just started the work l_)ut in many cases the beetles had nearly ix-netrated the thick bark, thoug'h none had escapetl, so far as was obser\'ed. The L,nnibs of this species evidently become full i^-rown durini^' the latter jjart of the summer, construct their pupal cells, and transform to beetles befcire the approach o( cold weather. The adults winter \-ery largely in the pupal cells or in the characteristic upward curving' exit burrows which they begin soon after assuming the adult condition. Bibliography 1861 Rathvon, S. S. L'. S. I'atL-nt office Rep't, |). 6jo 1890 Packard, A. S. ['. s. luit. Coin, stli Kept, ]>. 704-6, 830, 862 1895 Hopkins, A. D. \\ . \'a. Ayric . Hxp. Sta. ]'.al. 32, p. 195 1899 W. \'a. Agri( , l^xp. Sta. lUii. 56, p. 459 1903 Felt, E. P. F(jr. Fish iV Crame Coin, ytii Rcp't, p. 492-93 Pytho americanus l\irb\' A small beetle with a lilark head and thin d.itk liiuish tureen wing covers may be met witli under dec aving pine bark the latter part nf the Mimmer. This s[)ecies, like its associate, R h a g i u ni 1 i n e a t u m Oliv., occurs rather cornmonU' in moist deca)'ing jiine bark. The larx'ae, pu|)ae and beetles of these two species may be found in large numbers under the bark (jf the same tree. [his insect appears to j^refer the bark in an advanced state of decay and, like its associate, can be regarded as injurious onh' so far as it hastens the decay of dead trees, since it aids in loosening tlte bark arid iri e.xposing tin; wood to the elenients. It has been recorded by Mr Harrington as ocurring in ( )iitario, Caii., in shallow cells under the liark of oUl logs and sliunps. I)r I lopkins states that in West X'irginia it commonly intesls d\ing and dead bark in pine logs and stumps. He obtained adults in February. INSECTS AFrErTINT, PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 369 Description. The hccllc is much llalL(MH:d and is about jj inch lon^, with liie head antl thorax hhick, and the striated win^' c(n-(::rs a dark Iduish green. Th(; powerful jaws are rufous, tippeil with bhick, and the antennae, legs and abdomen are similiarly colored. The insect is represented on plate 64, figure 2. The pupa is whitish, more slender than that of Rhagiuni, and ma)- easily be recognized by its occiu'ring in cells with walls composed entirely of nearly rotten particles of bark | pi. 64, hg. 3 |. The pupal cell is nearly circular, al)out ■'^^ inch in diameter, and is constructeil betwet-n the bark and the wood. There is no excavation in the wood and the walls are composed only of partly rotten borings | [)1. 64, fig. 9]. The difference i)etween the cells of Rhagium and Pytho is well brought out in the illustration. Life history. The larva evidently becomes full grown the latter part of the season and transforms to the pupa and then to the beetle before the approach of cold weather. The species hibernates probably very largel\- in the pujjal cells or under the bark. Bibliography 1893 Hopkins. A. D. W. Va. .\gric. Ex|>. Sta. liul. 32, ji. 204 1899 ^\ . \a. .Auric. I^xp. .Sta. Bui. 56, p. 441 1903 Felt, E. P. For. Fish & (lame Com. 7th Rip't, p. 494 Spruce timber beetle Xylol cms bivillatiis Kirb)- .\ rather stout, brownish black, beetle, about ja inch long, attacks the exposed wood of various coniferous trees. The deserted galleries of this species were found by the writer in a si)ruce log at I'loodwood in 1901. This beetle was breeding Aug. 23 at Axton in a stump of a balsamtree which had bec-n cut the preceding .April. It has been recordeil b\ Dr llopkins as infesting black spruce and hemlock in West X'irginia, ami Dr Packard states that th(! insect occurred, though not commonly, under the bark of a tlr in the White moimtains near the 370 Cilcn House. XEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Ml' I [. (i. Huliliarcl states that this s|)ecies is common in comlcroiis trees from Ahiska to Maine and extending- southward in the mountainous regions. He adds that it is etjuall)- common in northern l'.urt)i)e. Description. This is a rather stout, brownish, black beetle, measuring but little over i ,s incli in length. The form of the anteiiiKK.-, the scul[)turing of the prothora.x and the markings on the wing covers are well shown at hiju 74- Fig. 74 X >■ 1 n t e r u s b i \' i t- l:» I IIS. f.-\fttr Hnbb.ud, I . S. Pep't ..\sric. Div. F.iit. Kill. 7, 11. s. 1897) 1 he galleries of this species, like those of the fol- lowing, penetrate the wood vertically for some distance and then l)ranch. The lirood chambers are arranged at nearl)- erjual distances and extend above and l)elow in a direction parallel with the wood hbers. They are usually farther apart than in the case of X. p o 1 i t u s .Sa)-. I he walls are stained black as in allied species. Natural enemies. Dr Hopkins has found I [> s fasciatus (Jli\-. associated with this lorm in sjiruce logs, and larva, prol)al)ly of the same speci(;s, in its burrows. A predacrous form, 1 h a n e r o c 1 e r i s s a n g u i n e u s .Sa)', was found bv I )r iiopkins on a hemlock stump with this borer. He also records an interesting instance where large numbers of this species were taken in the stomachs of brook trout in Randolph W. \'a. the latter ]iart of Ma)-. The insects had e\insiderable numbers, dropped on the water and fallen a prey t(j the tish. Bibliography 1897 Hubbard, H. G. V. S. Drp't .Vgric l)i\. I'.nt. I'.ul. 7, n. s. p. 28 1899 Hopkins, A. D. W. \a. Agric. E.\p. Sta. IJul. 56, p. 349, ,44 INSECTS Al-I-ECTI.Xi; PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 371 Eastern pine wood stainer Glial liolricliui ntatcriarins I'ilch A brownish black, ratluT sIciuliT bicilc almut 1,-; iu( li long, enters the sapwoocl of dvint; anil tk-ail white ]>iiu-, niakinsi < ylindrir i;alleries, the walls of which are stained black. This common wootl-horino- Amhrosl.i liccllc lixcs on a fun<^ais cultivated in its naileries. This species is common in (i\inL,^ and dead white |»ines in different sections of tlie State, cnterinj^ the wood \i:ry shortl\- after tlie tree has been injiu'ed as a rule. It was met witli on spruce at Biif Moose N. \'., |uly 2, 1903, it Ijein^^ attracted to tn-es injured Ijy recent fires in that t'il- 75 Gnalhotri- c li u s ni a I e r i a- r i 11 s. (After Hub- bard. CT. S. I)cp"l AKri-;. Div. Knt. Biil. 7. li. s. 1897.) Kit;. 7'> Gallery of G n a l h o ! t i c h u s matcriarius in pine (.After Hubbard and Hopkins, V . S. Dep I Aijric. Div. Km. Hul. 7. n. s. 18-571 section. It has also been noticed by Ur Fitch. This insect makes slender, cylindric burrows across the wood fibers and usually parallel with the lines of growth. .Short, straight, lateral galk-ries or lirood cells branch off from the main (Mies at right angles above anil below. This species is attracted by the odor of turjientine, and Dr Ho])ki;is records it as one of a numljer collected on a recently painted greenhouse. lie states that this species, associated with others, is frecpu-ntly found in the sajjwootl of spruce at Williams River W. \'a., and adds that it is very common in that state in the sapwood of dead and dying pine and spruce trees, logs and stum])s. He 3/2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM adds that it is wideh' distributed. A small bct-tlr, II ister parallel us Say occurs in the burrows of this insect and ma\' iK)ssibl\- pre)- on it. The presence of this borer, as well as that of some others, may fre(juentl)- l.>e detected liy the small piles of white sawdust on the bark or at the base of infested trees. Description. This beetle is a rather slender, c\-lindric, l.irownish Idaek insect, about i j< inch lonu-, and with yellowish legs. The g'lobular antennal club, the puncturing of the thorax, and the linear dotting of the wing covers are well shown in figure 75. The structure ot the antennae is represented on plate 67, figure 4, and that of the mieldle til)ia at figure y^:>. The burrows of this beetle extend into the wood vertically for a short tlistance, in a spt.'cimen at hand less than 'j an inch. This main gallery has several branches tliverging in a direction approximateh' jiar- allel witli the lines of growth, each of which leads into a series of vertical brood chambers. Tlie illustration is tyjjical of the complex system of galleries. Bibliography 1858 Fitch, Asa. Ins. X. V. 4th Rrp't 1S57. p. 40-42 1S90 Packard, A. S. U. S. Ent. Cdin. 5th Rc])'t, p. 71S-20 1S97 Hubbard, H. G. U. S. Dep't Agric Div. I'.nt. llul. 7, n. s. ji. 30 1899 Hopkins, A. D. W, Va. Agric. K\p. Sta. llul. 56, p. 344, 346, 347, 434, 442 1903 Felt, E. P. I'Or. I'ish iV Ciame Coin. 7th Rcp't, ]i. 495-96 Pityophthorus sp. An insect belonging to this genus was met with liy the writer Aug. 22, 1900, at Axton, where it was working in small numbers under the bark of a )Oung dying white pine. The central chamber of this species is somewhat circular antl in the specimen figured has four primary galleries with a short fifth. The [primary or ci:;^^ galleries run longitudinally or obli(piel\- to the wood fibers and cut into the wood a considerable projjor- lion of tlieir depth. The lar\al galleries are somewhat tortuous, expand very gradually, and also cut the sa])wood for about i,' their depth, and toward the extreinities a greater proportion lies in the wood [fig. 77]. INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES 373 Pityophthorus sp. A small species beloiigin-' to this t,'enus was met with hy the writer Sep. 8, 1900 at Karner, workin-- under the hark of a dead hard pine limb. \ Fig. 77 Work of Pity"phthoni.i speiries in white |.in<; (.luihor's illuslrjtion I Recently transformctl adults and a few jjupae were observed in the t,^alleries. The twi;^^ was also boreil by a lon^^dcorn larva. 'The adult j^^alleries of this insect are remarkable for their delicacy. They are well represented in plate 63, tijrure 6. It will be sien that the general design has been much marred 1)\- the work of the longicorn alxnc mentioned, and the tortuous kirval galleries may be seen branching from the primary ones at irregular and somewhat considerable distances. The larva as it attains maturity appears to make a very irregular excavation which sometimes doubles back on itself or is simply a very >>:',y Pityophthorus sp. \)^ broad excavation. This species was taken Sep. 8, 1900 at Karner from dead limbs of pitch pine. Its breeiling season >i«_j3 Middle tilii.ic: .1 — < ; 11 a t h o t r i c u s m ;i 1 c r 1- was evidently nearly at end as a very few pupae and ^;';'.V_p'i,',';,'^'^;;;';;p\' some recently transformed adults were found. (..ri«in,,i. Description. This is a reddish brown or almost black, rather slender, cylindric beetle measuring but little over ',,6 inch in length. "4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The adult Inirrows, in the smaller limbs just beneath the bark, are usual])- nearly parallel with the L;rain of the wood and may extend a distance of 3 or more inches. The irrei^-ular, serpentine burrows of the yotmg are j^ inch or more apart, over H inch long and usually alternating; on each side of the parental gallery. Pityogenes sp. a Another species of this genus, stated by Dr Hopkins to be a new form, was met with by the writer at Saranac Inn in August 1900. It was working in a nearly dead young pine antl its galleries are (juite dilierent from the following. The central cliamber is not (]uite so large, the egg notches a]>pear to be placed ■:*j closer together, and the larval galleries do not groove ' the wood so deejjly as a rule. The pupal cells are sunken much more deeply into the sapwood. b'igure ,': jt) illustrates the work of this specit.-s. Ap])arentlv M the same insect was met Avith in another white pine f' Avhere it was associated with T o m i c u s caelatus Lcc, and also in Ijalsam, where it occurred in comjjany with the last named species and Tomicus I) a 1- sam<'us Lee. This latter tree was dying and had been alnmdantl)- infested by the bark borers. Pityogenes sp. b A small liL-etle, a little OAer ' '-,, iiii h in length, works in the bark of dead white ]iine limbs. The ])rothora\ is dark brown, rather eoarsely tidierculate, while the wing ^o^■ers are a lighter Ijrown, nearly smooth, and with two or three minute tulien les on the dccli\ ilv of eac h. This species was met with by the writer Aug. 5, igoo, at .Slingerlands N. v., where it was working on pine limbs which had e\'idently been recently cut. Larvae and pupae were present and the insect had begun operations only a little while before. Tomicus cacographus Lee. was associated with this borer and also a species of H)'pophloeus. This y'lil. 70 Work- of Pi t y OS e 11 es s]i. .1 ill \v!ii[e jiine (i:iri;iinLiI 1 INSF.CTS Al FErriNT, I'ARK AND WOODLAND TKEES 375 bark borer occurred in the liinljs of a dyint,' wliitc pine at Saranac Inn, Aut;. 19. All sta;^"cs were [jrcsent and ihoii^h lh(; tree was not excessively infested, it ma)' |)ossibl\- have had a hand in its death, as its burrows were found aloni;' the entire length oi the tree. It was associated with T o ni i c u s 1) a 1 s a m e u s Lee. another specii-s of I'ityogcnes, 1 lypoph- loeus and a Chalcid. Idle two latter were not determined. This inst'ct was also met with .Sep. i S, iqoo, at l!alh-on-Hudson, where it was borini; the dead limbs of white pine in which were found larvae, pupae antl ailults. This tree had also been attacked !>}• Tomicus c a 1 1 i y ra p h u s Cierm. The borinj^s of this species form a rather larye irregular central chamber with 3 to 4 or 5 primary or ei^i^- g-alleries divcro- inij, sometimes obliquely and sometimes at right angles to the wood til)ers. In one case noticed, several larval galleries originated from the central chamber, showing that the eggs in at least one instance, were deposited in littK- notches in its wall. The primary or egg galleries are from about i to lyi inches in length, anc' from them arise the slender, somewhat tf)rtuous larval galleries, which latter may attain a length of about i 'j inches | pi. 63, fi""- 5 I- Pupation occurs at the tip of the mine in a slightly enlarged ctdl which is sometimes excavated in the sapwood. The beetles emerge there- from through \ertical exit holes. Balsam bark borer ToniicHS balsamcns Lee. r.:ilsani trees witli red tO!)S may fret|uently be observed in the .Vdirond.irk region and a close examination may show that a small lirownish or nearly black beetle about -'/ji inch in length is working in large numbers in the inner bark. The balsam is one of the handsomest trees in the Adirondack region and forms a very characteristic feature of the landscape. It is not.arspecially valuable tree Init as a subject of insect attack, it is of interest. Many healthy balsamtrees have probably been killed by this borer though it also works in diseased or sickly trees and hastens their death by its operations. AfTected balsams may easily be detected at a distance by their reddened tops though this sign does not invariably indicate the presence of borers. 0/^ NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM This species appears to be quite prevalent in the Adirontlacks, jiul^-ini^- Ijoth from observations and reports and as it frefjuently concentrates its attack on (ine or two trees, the inner bark is soon repeatedly traversed with interlacing'- burrows of beetles and i^ruljs. I his species appears to exist wherever its favorite tree, the balsam, grows, thouL;h it does not hesitate to attack spruce and Avhite pine. It has been found in the Atlirondacks in buth of these latter trees several times, once in arlior \itae, and it has been reared from hemlock. There is little (liuilit ot this insect's al)ilit\' to kill health)' trees. A balsam lo inches in diameter just be^'inning- to die, as was shown by its reddening top, was cut tlown Aug. 14, 1900. This borer was found in all stages and in large numl)ers from the liase of the tree almost to its tip, some 50 feet high. The bark along much of this distance appeared to be healthy and the lower limbs had not begun t(.) show any signs of weakness. No other insect hail affected the \-itality of this tree, so far as could be determined. Such balsams were to be met with here and there in the woods and it was stated that many of these trees had been affected in this way a few years earlier. Numerous dead balsams here and there, attested the truth of this assertion. 1 his insect was associated with T o m i c us |) i n i .Say and species of Pity o g (■ n e s, in white pine. It was obtained with C r \- p h a 1 u s s t r i- atulatus Mann, and also with Polygraph us rufipennis Kirby from spruce. T o m i c u s c a e 1 a t u s Eich. Avas fcnmd with it in balsam. It was taken ]>y the writer at Flood- wood, at many places about Saranac Inn, at Axton and vicinit)- and at Ampersand pond. Description. This is oiu' smallest species of Tomi- cus, tlu; adult beetle being only about ? ',0 inch long. Fi.a. s., ncciivhy of Tomi- ][ ;^ rather slender in form and varies in color from ells 1) ;i 1 s ,1 111 (■ 11 s (autliur s '""'"■•"'"'" l'.i-;"lit bnnvn to almost l.)lack. The rather coarse, light brown hairs are quite conspicuous near the posterior end of the elytra and the possession of these enables am- to se|)arate it from the allied IXSECTS AI PECTIN C PARK AND WOODLAXD TREES species. The excaxation of the declivity is comparatively slij^dit and is niarkctl on each siilc liy tlie three small independent, nearl\- ecpiidistant tubercles, the lower two beins^^ larger and farther a|)art. There is also a very minute tul)ercle a little above and outside of the lowest tubercle but ordinarily it is not seen. The dorsal tuberchr of the three is small and near the median line. Idle [jrothora.K is coarseh' granulated and the wing covers are marked with longitudinal rows of rather small punctures. The general form and structure of the antennae antl tibia are shcnvn on |>late 66, figure I and at figure 90a. The white pupa of this species is about the same size as the beetle. '.'' Fig. 81 Central chamber and ccff ffallcrics of T o ni i c u s It ill same us (.lutlnjr's illustration) Fis- 82 <"»allcrics of To m I c u s b a I s a m c u s show- iiiil condition under riddled bark (author** illustration ) It tapers somewhat at the posterior (.:xtreniil\', which latter bears a ]>air of slender |)ointed processes. The partl\- curled gruli or larva is almost 's inch long and has a brownish \ello\v head with dark mouth ])ans. Habits. The operations of this species are best seen in a tree which the beetles ha\e just entered. There will usualK' be found three to five branch burrows here and there under the bark. A very small one is shown on plate 62, and in figure 81 It will be seen that there are five radiating ;;« NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM advilt galleries ami that each one contains a numl)c;r of minute notches, the egg chambers. Each branch represents the work of a female and all have origin in a central chamber near the entrance of which the male stands A more advanced sta^e of this insect's work is sliown at plate 62, figure 3, which represents the work of three females diverging from a common chandn'r. it will be seen that a numlter ot the eggs ha\'e hatched and tliat the larvae have worked to a considerable distance in a direction nearly par- Fig. 83 Split twig showiiiE; i;ir(lliiT:j by adult j;alleries of T <• in i r u s I) .1 1 s ;i ni e 11 s (;uithor's illiistriitli'H ) Fii;. 8} k i n s i i Ashm. \\\ the burrows of this bark borer. Bibliography 1903 Felt, E. P. For. Fish iV fiame Com 7th Kcp't, \>. 519-22 Spruce destroying beetle Dcndroctoiius piccapcrda Hopk. A rather stout, brownish or Ijhick beetle about 3 ,0 incli long, makes longitudinal galleries in tlie inner bark and outer sapwood of living spruce. These, in connection with tlie mere or less transverse expanding larval galleries, frequently result in tlie destruction of trees. This species, though only recently characterized, is an exceedingly destructive form, and its ravages have l)een known for some years, though the operations were usually attributed to another species. 380 XEW YORK STATE ML'SEUM Early history. Dr Hopkins states that there is a record of this insect killing" spruce in the nei^hliorhood of Sherburne Vt., in 1S31 to 183^, and in 1840, according to Henry Hough, there was serious injury to spruce in Newport, .Sullivan co., N. H., prol)ably by the same species. Prof. C. H. Peck, state botanist, when investigating the work of this insect in the Atlirondacks in 1S74, learned that the greatest destruction of spruce in Lewis county occurred lo or 15 years before. The same trouble, according to him, was experienced in Rensselaer county about 1854. "A lumber hrm found that their spruce timl.)er was rapidl\- d\-ing, antl to make their loss as light as possible, they made haste to open roads in the forest that they might draw out and work up as man)- dead spruces as practicable before decay should render them entirely worthless, but with all their promptness they suffered no inconsiderable loss, for these dead trees .soon became too much decayed to make marketable lumlx-r." Professor Peck's investigations are of exceptional interest, particularly as we have been fortunate enough to examine specimens collected by him at that time, and therefore can be certain regarding the identity of this insect. A portion of his observations for the )'ear 1874, follow : In August a collecting trip was undertaken in the \-icinity of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton county. While there it became apparent to me that I was in a region where the spruces were dying. .Standing near the outlet of the lake and looking upon the distant mountain slopes toward the north- east, east and south, patches of Itrown appeared here and there mingled with the usual dark green hue of the forest. The inhabitants told me that these brown ])atches were groups of dead spruces ; that the spruce trees were then rapidly dying, and had Ijeen for two or three years previous, and that in consequence the value of the woodland was greatly diminishing. One of the most conspicuous of these brown patches was on the slope of Speculator mountain, a little more than half way from the base to the summit. Preparations were therefore made to visit this locality. Once on the ground it nei-ded but little oliservation to satisfy me that the destructive process was then in o])eratlon. The ground under some of the spruces was thickly strewn with their fallen leaves, yet green, and every agitating wind was bringing down more of them. The bark of these trees, and of others already dead, was perforated in many places with small round holes scarcely y^ of an inch in diameter. Upon stripping a piece of bark from the trunk of one of the affected trees, the apparent cause of the mischief was at once INSECTS AFFECTING PARK AND WOODLAND TREES :;,S I revealed. The surface of the wood and the inner laj-ers of the l)ark were aliunihinlly furrowetl 1)\- the windint^ and branchin^j' ,<,^'lllerIes of a small bark-mini nsj;' beetle. .Small trees are rarely attacked. In the localities visited, from one half to two thirds of the spruces with a basal diameter ranL^nnij;^ from one to two feet, were cither dead or dying. Trees of this size are the most suitable for lumb(!r and conseqiientl\- the most valuable. The smallest affected tree noticed, had an estimated basal diameter of about lo inches. In this case the attack appeared to be a failure, for so much resin had oozed from the wound that the work was obstructetl. The galleries were scattered and single and their authors were found deatl. eacli in its furrow. . . When two trees of unequal size stand in close proximity the larger one seems to be most liable to be attacked. In one instance two trees stood scarcelv more than three feet apart. The larger ont; had been attacked ; the smaller one remained unharmed. In another similar instance the larger of the two trees was dead, having been attacked first ; the other was d\ing. Professor Fecks observations in 1876, are also given in part as follows : I he green slopes of Mt I'^mmons, commonl)- called 151ue .Mountain, anil of several mountains to the ncjrth of it hail their beaut\-, and their value too, greatly imjiaired by the abundant intermixture of the Ijrown tops of dead spruces. The destruction was also visible along tin; roatl between Newconib and Long Lake, and on the mountain slopes farther to the north of this road. Again, on the trail from Atlirondack to Calamity pond, there was sad evidence that the little destroyer had invaded also the forests of Essex county. From what I have seen at Lake Pleasant, in the southern part, and in the vicinil\- of Long Lake, in the northern jiart, and from information concerning the Cedar river region, in the central part of Hamilton count}-, there is reason to believe that much of the spruce timber of this country has alrc-ady been invaded l)y the beetle. How much farther this destructive work has extended, or will extend, it is impossible to say. But one thing is certain, it is still in progress. Thi-re are other records of extensi\e injuries to spruce, [)resumabl\- liy this species, about this time. I)r Packard reports serious damage about Beede's hotel, Keene Flats in the Adirontlacks, where the spruces had been dying for about 15 years. .Serious injury was caused in Maine between 1874 to 1881, extensive damage occurred about this time on the Allegash and other tributaries of the .St John river, and d\ing spruce was met with in northern New Hampshire by Fiske in 1897. The damage caused by ^S2 XEV. VUKK STATE ML'SEUM brown insect uljout this species has been estimated by various correspondents at lo, 50 and e\'en as niucli as gc,'. Description. The parent beetle is a small, rather thick, li^ht or tlark , incli in length. It presents no distincti\e character which will ena])le its separation fr(.>m allic/s, and it is more easily ich-ntihed b)' its work, as no other insect of its size causes so much injur\- to spruce. The middle tibia is illustrated at hi^-ure 85/^. 1/ ''.Ty Its attack is limited, as observed bv Professor '^ raniling character. Adult galleries preserved by inhltrated jjitch are shown at |)late 61, figure 2. These illustrations are specially \'aluable as they represent material taken l)y Professor Peck some 30 years ago. The following more detailed account of this insect's work by Professor l\-ck, will also pro\'e of ser\'ice. b'or the purpose- of gaining more knowledge of the insect, I cut down at South bond, a tree that had recently been attacked by it. It was about 20 inches in diameter at the base ; the foliage was still fresh and green, and there was nothing, excejit the perforations in the bark, to indicate that it was at all allected. 'Phe bark peeletl from the trunk without much diffi- culty, the sajnvood was perfectly sound, and the heartwood also, except a small portion in which there was a slight appearance of incipient decay. Longitudinal furrows, varying from one to six inches in length, were found Fig. 85 Middle titii.-ie: a—Fo]y- g r a p h u s r ii f i p e n ii i s ; /' - D e n d r o c t n n u s pice ;i- p e r d a (nriein.il I INSECTS AFFECTING PARK ANT) WOODLAND TKKF.S 383 under the bark, and each furr..\v was occupied In- one or two Ijeellcs. '1 he furrows are excavated from below upwards. In the short ones but one beetle was found, and but onc^ perforation comniunicatini,r with the external air In the loncjer ones iwo beetles (probal)ly the two sexes), were usually found and from two to four perforations afforded means of in*,aess and eeress The lt)west perforation, which is the one by which the beetle _hrst enters and commences its furrow, is often found closed or "I)locked u]. by the dust and del^ris thrown down by the excavator in th<- pro;4ress ot the work The second perforation is .i^renerally one or two inches above the first I failed to discover wliether it is matle 1)\- iht; second beetle for the purpose of ingress or bv the first beetle. The third and fourth perforations are in a nearl'v direct lim^ alxne the other two and are probably made irom within <.iUAv;irdlv, but for what purpose is uncertain. In one instance the two beetles were found at work making- these i)erforations. l.orin- through from the inner surface of the l)ark. In one instance the third was less than half an inch above the second, so that there would seem to b(; no particular necessity for it. Th(- euos of the insect are deposited alon,^^ both suU-s ol the ui)pc'r part of th(> furrow. They lie close toj^ethcr, almost or .pute m contact with each other. When the larvae emer.^-e from the e.i^r^s the>- i.e-in to feecl upon the soft cambium and to work their way under the bark at ri-ht an.des to the main furrow. Thev are, at first, so minute and work so close to^'^ether that thev make no distinct furrows but seem rather to devour einirely a very thin layer of the caml/ium. But as they increase in si/.e they be^rin ..-raduaily to form distinct furrows and to take directions mon- diver- o-ent fn.m each other and from their original course. In this way colonies From contiguous furrows at len^^h run to,t,H'ther and in time the whole trunk is surrounded by their multitudinous pathways, and the death ot tin- tree is accomplished. Great caix- is taken by the parent beetles to keep their fur- rows separate. Xo instance was observed in which they ran lo.